Teaching
Teaching Young Learners – Songs, Rhymes and Chants
Task One
Where would you put the stresses on the following rhyme?
I would put the stress on the vowel (letter strings) in each sentence, showing rhyme. Nearly all of these vowel sounds also marry up with the final consonant sounds (n-ew-s / sh-oe–s). I would give the students more examples of these sounds (choose, lose, blues). With younger learners I think vowel sound is important but also the sound they make with the final consonant.
Have you heard the latest news? Isabel has bought new shoes
And did you know that Harry’s dad has got a dog that’s completely mad?
Well, Alice copied Tommy’s work and she’s taken Helen’s skirt
Johnny Jones has been much worse, he’s stolen money from Angie’s purse
Wait till you hear what Cathy’s done, she’s eaten a worm, just for fun!
Task Two
Choose a song or devise an activity that can be used in the classroom. State the age you have in mind.
1. Old MacDonald’s Farm
Age: Young learners
Aim: Practice listening and singing
Practice listening for animal names and sounds
Preparation: Collect pictures of a farm and a farmer, models of animals
1. The teacher starts by showing a picture of a farm and a farmer.
2. The teacher asks the learners ‘who and where is this?’ and gets them to call out the place and hopefully the farmer’s name (Old MacDonald).
3. The learners are told this is ‘Old Mac Donald farm’. The students are asked ‘What animals can you see on a farm?’
4. The students can shout out the names of animals. The teacher can check that they know the English word for the animals.
5. The teacher gets the children to think about their favourite animal that lives on a farm.
6. The teacher then shows some models of animals including the ones in the song. The names for the animals are elicited and chorally drilled.
7. The teacher then asks ‘what sound they make?’ The teacher gives examples.
8. The teacher already has prepared sheets of paper to match animals and their sounds. The teacher gets the learners in groups and gets them to match the animals and sounds. This helps to solidify the exercise a little more.
9. The teacher gives each group the animal models from the song. She tells the group when they hear in the song an animal’s name she wants them to grab the animal. This helps them get an idea of the animals in the song. She plays the song and lets the groups grab the animals. She checks who got the most animals in each group.
10. If it is necessary, stop the song line by line until they get the idea.
11. The teacher gets the learners to sing the song together with the accompaniment provided by the tape. The children may learn very easily by using echoic memory. The teacher could promote mimics, gestures, etc. associated to the meaning to make children play a participative role freely.
12. A follow up could be that the learners make their own farm or individual groups come up to the front and sing.
Reflective Response to A Cycle from Birth to Death by Richard Walker
(Words 984)
I would like to reflect on the article A Cycle from Birth to Death by Richard Walker. I found the article engaging and thought-provoking, and I identified several key issues that I believe are particularly relevant to my own development as an ESL teacher. The main purpose of this reflection is to consider some of the issues raised in the article and relate them to my own teaching experiences, as well as to my experience of learning collaboratively within a group on the SIT course.
Within a classroom learning group, it is often the case that some students are more vocal than others, while some may adopt a more assertive or dominant communication style. As a result, quieter students may feel intimidated or reluctant to contribute. When a new group of people comes together, it is inevitable that individuals will bring different personalities, levels of confidence, and expectations to the classroom. Some students may seek attention, while others may have strong personalities or egos. These individual characteristics can have a significant impact on the dynamics of the group.
I can relate this to my own experience because I have come to recognise that, regardless of how well-prepared a lesson plan may be, its success can be affected if the students do not work effectively together. If there is a hierarchy within the group, with some learners consistently taking control while others remain passive, opportunities for meaningful participation can become limited. Some students may avoid speaking because one individual, or a small number of individuals, consistently dominate the discussion.
For this reason, I believe that the initial lessons of a longer course, for example a 30-hour course, can be particularly important. Providing students with opportunities to become familiar with one another at the beginning of a course may help establish the foundations for sustained collaboration and positive engagement. Developing a supportive classroom environment can encourage students to help one another, while also ensuring that less confident or weaker learners do not feel inhibited from participating. Ideally, stronger learners will recognise the needs of their peers and support them, rather than dominating classroom interaction. In this type of environment, participation is more evenly distributed, and the group can develop a stronger sense of collective responsibility.
Having considered the importance of establishing familiarity within a group, the article also refers to the emergence of leaders within group dynamics. I can relate this concept to my own experience of the SIT group. Some members of the group may speak more frequently than others, and there are occasions when people disagree with my views. However, I recognise that disagreement is a natural and potentially valuable part of collaborative learning. It can provide an opportunity to challenge assumptions, consider alternative perspectives, and develop a deeper understanding of an issue.
I believe that one important aspect of successful group learning is overcoming subjective judgements about other people. It is easy to develop a negative perception of someone based on a particular interaction or communication style. However, it is important to recognise that responsibility for the group dynamic is shared by all members. The purpose of collaborative learning should not be to compete or to determine who is right or wrong, but rather to create a rewarding environment in which everyone can learn from one another.
From a student perspective, it can be easy for an individual to feel lost within a dominant group. Students need to be encouraged to listen to and consider the ideas of others, while also recognising that their own perspectives are valuable. Although individuals may have different opinions, experiences, and approaches to learning, they are ultimately working towards a common purpose. Recognising this shared purpose can contribute significantly to the development of a positive and productive learning environment.
I have experienced this type of positive group dynamic in my own teaching. In some of my classes, students have developed strong relationships with one another and have worked together extremely well. On one occasion, the relationship between the students became so positive that they even celebrated my birthday with me. I particularly remember students whom I initially considered to be less confident or weaker learners becoming actively involved in classroom activities. When they attempted to speak English and made mistakes, the other students laughed with them rather than at them. This distinction is important because it demonstrates a supportive classroom culture in which mistakes are accepted as a natural part of the learning process.
I believe that this type of cohesion can have a particularly positive impact on group work. When students feel comfortable with one another and understand that they are working towards a common goal, they are more likely to participate actively and cooperate effectively. As a result, group activities can become more productive, with students supporting each other and completing tasks more efficiently. The concept of a “cohesive group”, which is emphasised in the article, therefore resonates strongly with my own experiences. A cohesive group can contribute to a more positive attitude towards learning and can create an environment in which students feel sufficiently secure to participate.
Overall, I found A Cycle from Birth to Death to be an engaging and valuable article. It encouraged me to reflect critically on my own experiences of teaching and learning and helped me to consider the importance of group dynamics in the classroom. It has also encouraged me to think more positively about the learning experience and the role that each individual plays in creating a successful group environment. There are several ideas raised in the article that I would like to explore further through additional reading and reflection. Although the article is relatively short, I feel that it has provided me with a broader perspective on collaborative learning and has encouraged me to consider how group cohesion can influence both teaching and learning. For these reasons, I would rate the article 5 out of 5.
Teaching Young Learners – Games and Puzzles
TASK
Choose a language item from the list below and design a simple lesson plan using one of the games to teach/practice the item.
Student Vocabulary Game
Number of players: 2-6
Age: 6+
Materials: A score/category sheet per group, a deck of alphabet cards and a pencil
Object of the game: To name objects beginning with the chosen alphabet card and to be the first person to get rid of his/her alphabet cards.
| Player name: |
| 1, Toys: |
| 2. Fruits and Vegetables: |
| 3. The Classroom: |
| 4. Things in the home: |
| 5. The Body: |
| 6. Boy’s and Girl’s Names: |
| 7. Sports and Hobbies |
| 8. Animals/Pets |
| Score: |
1) A Student shuffles the cards and deals 5 alphabet cards. The cards are laid face down in front of each player.
2) The remaining alphabet cards are laid face down on the table in front of the group.
3) Alternate people start but the first player to the dealer’s left starts play by turning over their alphabet card, and then naming something from the first category on the sheet beginning with his letter. Once the learner has said a word they must write it on their sheet. Their go is over.
4) They have 10 seconds to think of an answer, if they do not have an answer in the allotted time they must pick up an extra card from the middle of the table and place it face down in front of them. Their go is over.
5) Each student takes turns to turn an alphabet card from their pile and naming an item in the first category. Examples are not allowed to be repeated.
6) The round ends when someone has picked up all their cards and named something from the category each time.
7) The other students must add up how many remaining cards they have, and write that number on their score sheet, e.g. 3 cards remaining = 3 points
8) The process is repeated with the person to the left of the dealer being the new dealer and the person to their left starting the new game. The game continues with objects from the second category.
9) The games continue until all the 8 categories have been completed
10) The person with the lowest score is the winner.
Explain the Communicative Competence Model of Teaching Grammar
Communicative competence refers to the knowledge and skills required to use language effectively and appropriately in different communicative contexts. Grammar is an important component of communicative competence because it enables learners to construct meaningful and accurate utterances. However, effective communication involves more than grammatical accuracy alone; it also requires an understanding of how language varies according to context, purpose, and the relationship between speakers. For example, the language used when addressing a king or queen is likely to differ considerably from the language used when speaking to a close friend. Therefore, grammar needs to be taught not simply as a set of rules, but as a resource that enables learners to communicate appropriately in a range of social situations. This essay will examine how grammar can be taught through a communicative competence model.
Language is used for a variety of social and communicative purposes, and the appropriateness of an individual’s language can influence how they are perceived by others. Consequently, learners need to understand how grammatical structures operate in both formal and informal contexts. Teaching grammar communicatively allows students to recognise that different grammatical forms may be appropriate depending on the situation, the intended meaning, and the relationship between participants. Rather than learning isolated grammatical rules, learners should be exposed to language in meaningful contexts in which grammatical structures serve a genuine communicative purpose.
A communicative approach also recognises that language is fundamentally social. Individuals use language not only to exchange information but also to express their identity, establish relationships, and respond appropriately to others. For this reason, grammatical structures should be presented within meaningful contexts rather than as decontextualised forms. This approach places greater emphasis on authentic communication and learner-centred teaching. In stronger versions of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), the teacher is expected to adopt a “less dominant role”, while learners are encouraged to become “more responsible managers of their own learning” (Larsen-Freeman, 1986, p. 131). This shift allows learners to take a more active role in developing their communicative abilities.
A further consideration is the tendency for learners to rely on simplified language or memorised chunks of language when communicating. Although learning language in chunks can support fluency, an excessive reliance on fixed expressions may result in learners paying insufficient attention to the grammatical system underlying the language. A communicative competence model therefore aims to establish a balance between fluency and accuracy. Learners should be given opportunities to communicate meaningfully while also being encouraged to notice, understand, and apply grammatical structures. In this way, grammar becomes an integral part of communication rather than an isolated area of language study.
